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Limonene
D-Limonene
Pronounced: LIM-oh-neen
Limonene is a monoterpene terpene with a citrus, lemon, orange aroma. It's also found naturally in Citrus rinds, Juniper, Rosemary. Research suggests limonene research shows limonene may reduce thc-induced anxiety, though more human studies are needed.
Boiling Point
349°F (176°C)
Aroma
Citrus
Also Found In
Aroma Profile:
Citrus, lemon, orange
What is Limonene?
Limonene is the second most common terpene in cannabis and is responsible for the bright, citrusy aroma found in many strains. A groundbreaking 2024 study found that vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the anxiogenic (anxiety-inducing) effects of THC in healthy adults, suggesting this terpene could increase the therapeutic index of THC.
How Limonene Works
Limonene is highly bioavailable and rapidly absorbed through the lungs and GI tract. It has anti-anxiety activity via adenosine A2A receptor-mediated regulation of dopaminergic and GABAergic neuronal function (Song et al., 2021). This mechanism may explain why it can selectively attenuate THC-induced anxiety without blocking other THC effects.
Researched Effects
THC Anxiety Reduction
Strong Evidence2024 human study: D-limonene selectively attenuated THC-induced anxiogenic effects.
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Research shows limonene may reduce THC-induced anxiety
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Eliminates THC side effects
Sources
Mood Enhancement
Moderate EvidenceAnxiolytic activity via adenosine A2A receptor-mediated regulation of dopaminergic and GABAergic function.
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May support positive mood and stress relief
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Treats depression or anxiety disorders
Sources
Digestive Support
Emerging ResearchD-limonene has been studied for gastroesophageal support and shows promise in preliminary trials.
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May support digestive comfort
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Treats GERD or digestive disorders
Sources
Understanding Evidence Levels
Safety Information
Limonene is GRAS by the FDA and has an excellent safety profile. It may cause skin sensitization in some individuals when applied topically. Generally well-tolerated when consumed.
Scientific References
Spindle TR, et al. • Drug and Alcohol Dependence (2024)
Key finding: D-limonene selectively attenuated THC-induced anxiogenic effects, suggesting this terpenoid could increase the therapeutic index of THC.
Song Y, et al. • Phytomedicine (2021)
PubMed ID: 33548867
Elucidated mechanism: adenosine A2A receptor-mediated regulation of dopaminergic and GABAergic function.
Komori T, et al. • Neuroimmunomodulation (1995)
PubMed ID: 8903817
Found citrus aromatherapy reduced depression scores and normalized immune function markers.
Sun J. • Alternative Medicine Review (2007)
PubMed ID: 17604459
Reviewed evidence for digestive benefits of d-limonene supplementation.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is limonene?
Limonene (D-limonene) is a citrus-scented terpene found in cannabis and citrus fruit peels. It's the second most common terpene in cannabis and gives many strains their bright, lemony aroma.
What does limonene do?
Research suggests limonene may support positive mood, stress relief, and digestive comfort. Studies show it's rapidly absorbed and may interact with serotonin and adenosine receptors.
Which strains are high in limonene?
Strains with strong citrus aromas typically contain high limonene levels. Examples include Super Lemon Haze, Durban Poison, and Wedding Cake. Look for "citrus" or "lemon" in strain descriptions.
Quick Facts
- Full Name
- D-Limonene
- Category
- monoterpene
- Boiling Point
- 349°F (176°C)
- Aroma
- Citrus, lemon, orange
Looking for strains high in Limonene? Our doctors can help you find the right product.
Find a DoctorRelated Terpenes
Educational Information
This content is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Consult a healthcare provider before using cannabis products.
Strain Variability
Terpene profiles vary significantly between batches, growers, and growing conditions—even for the same strain name. Always check lab test results.
Indica/Sativa Note
The indica/sativa distinction is largely marketing. Effects are better predicted by cannabinoid and terpene profiles than strain classification.